The OECD’s Transfer Pricing Framework for Mineral Pricing

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE OECD’s “TRANSFER PRICING – DETERMINING THE PRICE OF MINERALS”

Executive Summary

Transfer pricing in the mineral sector is a complex yet crucial aspect of international tax compliance. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has developed a comprehensive framework to assist tax administrations and multinational enterprises (MNEs) in determining the correct pricing for minerals in related-party transactions. This document is particularly relevant for resource-rich developing countries with significant risk of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). Understanding and implementing the OECD’s guidelines can help MNEs avoid non-compliance risks and ensure that mineral transactions are valued correctly.

The Importance of the OECD’s Framework

The OECD’s transfer pricing framework for minerals addresses developing countries’ specific challenges in pricing mineral exports. Given minerals’ significant role in these economies, correctly valuing transactions between related entities is vital to preventing revenue loss. This framework is essential for MNEs as it ensures that transactions adhere to the arm’s length principle, thus minimizing the risk of tax adjustments and penalties.

Understanding Transfer Pricing in the Mining Sector

Transfer pricing involves setting the price for goods and services sold between related entities within an MNE. In the mining sector, this is particularly complex due to the lack of readily available market data for many minerals, the large scale of operations, and the cross-border nature of transactions. The OECD framework applies the Comparable Uncontrolled Price (CUP) method to determine the arm’s length price of minerals, which is generally considered the most reliable method when applicable.

The Mining Value Chain and Transfer Pricing Risks

The mining value chain includes several stages—exploration, development, production, processing, refining, and smelting—each with its own transfer pricing risks. For instance, during the exploration phase, risks may arise from intra-group transactions involving technical services or equipment rental. In the development phase, related-party financing, management services, and the procurement of large machinery are common areas of concern. The production stage introduces risks related to the pricing of mineral sales, especially when sold to related parties at prices of non-arm’s length.

Applying the CUP Method

The CUP method compares the price charged in a controlled transaction to that of a comparable uncontrolled transaction. For the mineral sector, the OECD suggests using publicly quoted prices where available, adjusting for differences in the physical characteristics of the minerals, volumes transacted, delivery terms, and other relevant factors. The framework provides detailed guidance on making these adjustments, ensuring that the final price reflects what independent parties agreed upon under comparable circumstances.

CLICK HERE FOR AN OVERVIEW OF THE CUP METHOD

Administrative Approaches for Transfer Pricing

The OECD framework also recommends various administrative approaches to help tax administrations manage transfer pricing more effectively. These include:

• Taxpayer Guidance: Governments can publish guidelines on how to apply transfer pricing rules to specific minerals, providing transparency and reducing the need for extensive audits.
• Safe Harbour Approaches: These are simplified tax rules that, if followed, reduce the likelihood of a tax audit. For example, a safe harbour could be a set price or pricing method for a particular mineral, which, if applied, would not be challenged by the tax authority.
• Advance Pricing Arrangements (APAs): These are agreements between a taxpayer and one or more tax administrations on the appropriate transfer pricing methodology for future transactions. APAs can provide certainty for both the taxpayer and the tax administration, though they require significant resources to establish and maintain.

The Value of Transfer Pricing Expertise

Transfer pricing expertise is invaluable in navigating the complexities of the OECD framework and ensuring compliance with international tax standards. Expert advisors can assist MNEs in applying the CUP method correctly, making necessary comparability adjustments, and managing the documentation required by tax administrations. This expertise helps prevent disputes and minimizes the risk of tax adjustments, leading to significant financial savings and protecting the company’s reputation.

Recent Court Cases on Transfer Pricing in the Mining Sector

Several court cases in the past decade have highlighted the importance of correct transfer pricing in the mining sector – here are 3 important cases:

1. The Queen v. Cameco Corporation (Canada, 2020): This case involved the Canadian Revenue Agency challenging Cameco’s use of transfer pricing to shift profits to a low-tax jurisdiction. The court ruled in favour of Cameco, but the case underscores the risks involved in aggressive transfer pricing strategies. CLICK HERE TO READ OUR SUMMARY OF THIS CASE.
   
2. Glencore International AG v. Commissioner of Taxation (Australia, 2021): The Australian Tax Office (ATO) challenged the pricing of copper concentrate transactions between Glencore and a related entity. The court favoured Glencore, emphasizing the importance of reliable comparables and proper documentation. CLICK HERE TO READ OUR SUMMARY OF THIS CASE.
   
3. Chevron Australia Holdings Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation (Australia, 2017): Although not directly related to the mining sector, this case dealt with intercompany loans and interest deductions, common in the mining industry. The court ruled against Chevron, leading to a significant tax adjustment. CLICK HERE TO READ OUR SUMMARY OF THIS CASE.

These cases demonstrate the need for MNEs to carefully review their transfer pricing policies, particularly in the mining sector, where non-compliance risks can be substantial.

In Summary

The OECD’s transfer pricing framework for minerals provides a crucial tool for MNEs operating in the mining sector, particularly in developing countries. By adhering to the guidelines and ensuring that mineral transactions are priced at arm’s length, MNEs can mitigate the risks of tax adjustments and penalties. The value of transfer pricing expertise cannot be overstated in this context, as it helps ensure compliance and protect against the financial and reputational risks associated with transfer pricing disputes.

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References

OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2022

Glencore International AG v. Commissioner of Taxation Case Summary

The Queen v. Cameco Corporation Case Summary

Chevron Australia Holdings Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation Case Summary

Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals, and Sustainable Development (IGF)

Platform for Collaboration on Tax (PCT)